Management of thoracic duct complex lesions (chylothorax): experience in 16 patients.

From our experience in 16 patients with persistent chylothorax from fistulas of the thoracic duct or its tributaries, we conclude that no standard treatment is uniformly successful and multimodality therapy should be considered. In selected patients, an anastomosis between ectatic lymphatics or hyperplastic lymph nodes and an adjacent vein may be attempted. Chylothorax from "leakage" of the thoracic duct or its tributaries is rare. Rupture of the thoracic duct superior to the sixth thoracic vertebrae generally results in a left-sided chylothorax; below that level, injury usually results in a right-sided chylothorax. The etiology is heterogeneous and includes blunt trauma, penetrating wounds (1), iatrogenic operative injury and lymphatic obstructions due to congenital abnormalities, inflammatory processes or neoplasms. Based on our experience in 16 patients with persistent chylothorax from thoracic duct complex lesions, we review the available treatment options.